The type of human errors which feature most commonly in aircraft accidents are errors in manipulating the flying controls [handling errors]
errors of judgement or poor decision making errors caused through lack of theoretical knowledge errors caused through lack of experience on type.
The most common cause of pilot incapacitation during flight is heart attack
dehydration
blocked sinus passages food or drink poisoning [gastro-intestinal disorders].
Dehydration is more likely to be experienced after several hours at high altitude on a dry day at low altitude on a humid day at high altitude on a humid day at low altitude on any day.
The symptoms of dehydration include profuse sweating drying of the nasal passages and a prickly sensation in the eyes 'runny' eyes and nose stomach cramps and a high temperature.
The CASA has recommended a period on the ground after making a blood donation of at least six hours twenty-four hours twelve hours forty-eight hours.
CAR 256 requires total abstinence by all pilots from any alcohol for a period of eight hours before departure 24 hours before departure eight hours before commencing duty 12 hours before departure.
Which of the following is true of drugs taken by pilots for medical reasons before flight? any drugs that are available 'over the counter' can be considered safe drugs can be considered safe if they are prescribed by a doctor drugs can be considered safe unless there is a warning on the packet the opinion of a DAME should be sought before using any drug .
Discomfort or pain in the ears or sinuses is most likely during long periods of cruising flight at high altitude high rates of descent in unpressurised aircraft high rates of climb in unpressurised aircraft ] long slow descents in unpressurised aircraft.
If an otherwise healthy pilot suffers a bout of dizzy spells, the appropriate action required by CASR 67.205
would be notify a DAME and refrain from all flying until cleared notify a DAME and refrain from all commercial flying until cleared notify a DAME and refrain from all instrument flying until cleared resume flying providing there is no recurrence within twenty-four hours.
Pilots can best assist airsick passengers by warning them that they will have to clean up the mess if they vomit descending quickly to land before they become sick reassuring them that airsickness is nothing to worry about flying as smoothly as possible and making all manoeuvres and descents gentle.
Which of the following is a condition which is caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and can be aggravated
by poor diet? gout angina leprosy tinea.
Which of the following would not be likely to result from flying with a severe cold? dizziness caused by pressure build-up in the middle ear [pressure vertigo] discomfort or pain in the ears during a rapid descent blurring of vision rupturing of the eardrum.
It is generally accepted that human error can be totally eliminated from aviation with proper training and standard
operating procedures this statement is true this statement is false.
Too much salt in the diet can lead to excessive sweating increased chance of catching colds or flu high blood pressure high blood pressure.
Foods most likely to produce intestinal gases are salty foods green vegetables foods high in sugar chicken.
Obesity [being over weight] has been linked with which of the following health problems drowsiness, headaches, low blood pressure and gout cancer, drowsiness, headaches and heart disease high blood pressure [hypertension], gout, diabetes and heart disease diabetes, headaches, cancer and high blood pressure.
Too little iron in the diet can lead to which of the following health problems? anaemia low blood pressure skin rashes dizzy spells.
High blood pressure [hypertension] is a common cause of disqualification on medical grounds. With which of the
following is hypertension most directly linked? heart disease anaemia anorexia old age.
On a hot dry day it is possible for the body to lose about 5 litres [more than one gallon] of water this statement is true this statement is false.
One of the common characteristics of ageing is a deterioration of hearing. This is usually noticed first in the
low frequencies medium frequencies high frequencies across all frequencies.
The purpose of the Eustachian tube in the human respiratory system is to connect the middle ear to the outer ear inner ear to the middle ear outer ear to the inner ear middle ear to the throat inner ear to the throat.
The primary cause of pilot incapacitation in flight is disorientation due to inner ear infections gastrointestinal disorders heart attack stroke.
A person flying with a head cold would not usually be affected by hypermetropia pressure vertigo difficulty clearing ears on descent rupturing of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
The recommended period of time between blood donations and commencement of flying duties is
12 hours 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours.
If suffering from heat stress, a pilot should drink sufficient fluid to quench his thirst drink more fluid than dictated by thirst alone drink ample quantities of carbonated fluids (soft drinks) drink ample water (rather than other fluids).
Pilots who are inclined to suffer from air sickness should never take travel sickness tablets should always deliberately induce vomiting should use caution when using travel sickness preparations can safely take any travel sickness preparation.
The Valsalve Manoeuvre - could never be the cause of pressure vertigo is more likely to be needed during a descent than a climb is more likely to be needed during a climb than a descent is not likely to be needed during a climb or descent.
An excessively cold environment does not pose the danger of impairment of thinking apathy loss of consciousness a feeling of elation.
An obese pilot with hypertension would be unlikely to suffer from increased risk of heart disease
difficulty in breathing due to lung cancer pain in the joints due to excess wear and tear poor circulation.
The painful condition known as Barotrauma is most likely to occur with an increase in differential pressure inside and outside the body when on descent with an increase in differential pressure inside and outside the body when on climb with a decrease in differential pressure inside and outside the body when on descent with a decrease in differential pressure inside and outside the body when on climb.
The ideal relative humidity for passenger comfort in a jet transport aircraft is considered to be 10-20% 20-30% 40-60% 60-70%.
On long flights at high altitude the relative humidity in the cabin of an aircraft may fall below comfortable levels.
The relative humidity considered optimal for human comfort is 40-60% 50-70% 25-65% 30-50%.
During a descent with blocked Eustachian Tubes, the gas volume in the middle ear increases decreases remains constant.
Sinus pain experienced by a pilot in an unpressurised aircraft is most likely with a blocked Eustachian tube during a climb a head cold during a descent a blocked Eustachian tube during a descent a head cold during a climb.
Select the lowest operating environment temperature at which the symptoms of heat stress are likely to occur 15°C 25°C 32°C 40°C.
If you pinch yourself just above the hip, a good level of fitness is indicated if the fold of flesh in your grasp has a
thickness of about 12mm 20mm 6mm 25mm.
The best way to guard against dehydration is to drink water only when you are thirsty drink a large amount of water at the beginning of each day drink water regularly throughout the day drink only when you are out of the sun.
The period of validity of a medical certificate unless otherwise cancelled or suspended is 4 years for student and private pilot licences [ for pilots under 40 years of age] and 1 year for
commercial licences 2 years for student and 1 year for private pilot licences and commercial licences 1 year for student and 2 years for private pilot licences and commercial licences 2 years for all classes of licence.
The most important process by which alcohol is removed from the body after the consumption of alcoholic
drinks is through expiration [the breath] through perspiration [sweating] via the kidneys as urine through chemical breakdown in the liver [metabolism].
For the average male, the rate at which alcohol can be metabolised is equivalent to one standard drink every fifteen minutes standard drink every thirty minutes standard drink every hour standard drink every two hours.
Hyperventilation is likely to result in a change in the acidity of the blood caused by a drop in carbon dioxide levels severe headaches and vomiting sinus pain and discomfort in the middle ear lightheadedness associated with an increase in carbon dioxide levels.
Abdominal pain caused by the expansion of gases within the body is most likely to be associated with a rapid climb in a high performance unpressurised aircraft a rapid descent in a high performance unpressurised aircraft a rapid climb in a high performance pressurised aircraft a rapid descent in a high performance pressurised aircraft.
a rapid descent in a high performance pressurised aircraft one third of its sea-level value one half of its sea-level value two thirds of its sea-level value one tenth of its sea-level value.
At a depth of about 30 feet, the underwater pressure is closest to one and a half times normal sea-level atmospheric pressure two times normal sea-level atmospheric pressure three times normal sea-level atmospheric pressure one half of normal sea-level atmospheric pressure.
Antihistamines are commonly found in cold and flu medications. The side effects of antihistamines include severe headache sleeplessness blurred vision drowsiness.
Decompression sickness or the 'bends' is caused by difficulty experienced in breathing under the high ambient pressure which occurs in deep water the excess oxygen which dissolves in the blood during a deep dive the release of dissolved nitrogen from the blood during a rapid ascent from deep water cramps caused by the low ambient temperature which occurs in deep water
.
A SCUBA diver has just completed a dive which did require decompression stops but was of less than four hours
duration. The minimum recommended period which should be allowed before flying is 4 hours 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours.
Which of the following would be an appropriate way to combat the effects of hyperventilation? breathe more rapidly make a conscious effort to slow down the breathing rate take a deep breath and hold it breathe more deeply.
Which of the following is most likely to reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood? high blood pressure cigarette smoking obesity use of analgesics.
After heavy drinking, even though the blood alcohol level has returned to zero, some deterioration in physical
and mental performance is likely to persist for up to 4 hours 8 hours 12 hours 24 hours.
Hyperventilation is caused by too much carbon monoxide in the air too much carbon dioxide in the air breathing too fast and/or too deep for the body's requirements holding the breath too long.
To which of the following drug families does alcohol belong? stimulants depressants sedatives analgesics
.
For how many hours after ingestion can alcohol can it still be detected in the brain cells? 8 hours 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours .
Alcohol can still be detected in the blood for 14 hours after ingestion 14 hours after the blood alcohol level has reached .05 24 hours after ingestion 24 hours after the blood alcohol level has reached .05
.
Which of the following would be an appropriate remedy for a person who is suffering the effects of hyperventilation? hold the breath for about 40 seconds breathe into a paper bag increase the rate and depth of breathing use a nasal decongestant.
If it becomes necessary to take sleeping tablets, how much time should be allowed before flying? 12 hours 24 hours none if they provided a good night's sleep 8 hours.
If a pilot has completed a SCUBA dive which required decompression stops during ascent and was more than 4
hours duration, which of the following would apply? a rest at sea-level of at least 24 hours is required before flying a rest at sea-level of at least 48 hours is required before flying a rest at sea-level of at least 12 hours is required before flying a rest at sea-level of at least 6 hours is required before flying.
The minimum time specified in the CARs between alcohol consumption and taking off is 8 hours, which is about right for all levels of intoxication 12 hours, which is sufficient if 0.05 has not been exceeded 10 hours, which is very conservative 8 hours, which may not be sufficient in many cases.
The symptoms of hyperventilation include tingling or numbness in the hands and feet pain in the middle ear
a blue colouration in the lips and finger nails
sinus pain.
A pilot has just completed a SCUBA dive of 5 hours duration to a depth of 40 ft during which compression stops
were required on the way back to the surface. The recommended rest at sea level before a flight at a cabin altitude
of 6000 ft is 4 hours 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours.
While flying, a pilot suffering from an upper respiratory tract infection is liable to
be more susceptible to hypoxia become spatially disorientated suffer from pressure vertigo suffer from cyanosis .
If you become aware of a any change in your medical condition that indicates that you no longer meet the relevant
medical standard (refer to CASR 67.205) you must exercise extreme caution to ensure you will not become incapacitated you may continue to fly, and as soon as practicable advise CASA of the change
cannot fly until you have undertaken a full medical examination you may not carry out any function authorised by your licence until you have advised
CASA or a designated aviation medical examiner (DAME).
The maximum period which a flight crew licence holder can suffer an impairment of efficiency relating to an act
authorised by the licence, without DAME certification that the impairment no longer exists is (refer to CASR
67.265) 30 days for private or commercial pilots 7 days for private pilots 30 days for commercial pilots 7 days for commercial pilots .
After a 3 hour session of diving, with decompression stops, the minimum time recommended before you fly again
is 48 hours 12 hours 4 hours because of the decompression stops, no delay before flying is required.
During a climb, expanding gas are most likely to cause severe pain and discomfort when it is trapped in the stomach large bowel small bowel lungs
.
Select the statement which is true for the use of analgesics they must not be used by pilots under any circumstances they may only be used after getting clearance from a DAME they may be used by pilots but only for short term pain relief they may be used by pilots without restriction
.
The upper limit of alcohol intake on standard drinks over a period of one week is 20 for men and 14 for women 28 for men and 21 for women 32 for men and 28 for women 40 for men and 20 for women.
It is always advisable to check with a DAME before taking any over-the-counter medication any prescribed medication any over-the-counter or prescribed medication any blood pressure medication.
One of the functions of the outer ear is to prevent the pilot's cap from slipping down over his/her eyes mediate the sense of balance equalise the pressure on either side of the eardrum send nerve impulses to the brain protect the eardrum from intrusions of insects, dust etc.
Which of the following is a function of the middle ear? to protect the eardrum from the intrusion of foreign bodies to amplify the vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transfer them to the cochlea to convert the mechanical energy of vibrations to nerve impulses to assist in maintaining the sense of balance.
Which of the following is a function of the inner ear? to protect the eardrum from the intrusion of foreign bodies to amplify the vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transfer them to the cochlea to convert the mechanical energy of vibrations to nerve impulses and assist in maintaining the
sense of balance to equalise the pressure on either side of the eardrum
.
Which of the following serves to detect the loudness and pitch of sound by converting the mechanical energy of
vibration to electrical impulses? the cochlea the semicircular canals the hammer, anvil and stirrup the vestibular system.
Which of the following mediates the sense of balance? the cochlea the semicircular canals the hammer, anvil and stirrup the eustachian tube.
As a rough guide, hearing protection should be worn if the ambient noise levels are such that it is necessary to
shout to conduct a conversation over a distance of 10 metres 5 metres 3 metres half a metre.
Deterioration of hearing caused by exposure to loud noise usually occurs first in the high frequency range, above normal speech in the frequency range of normal speech, 300 to 5000 Hz in the frequency range below normal speech across the whole range of audible frequencies .
A decibel is a unit used to measure the frequency or pitch of sound the intensity or loudness of sound.
Hertz [Hz], are used to measure the frequency or pitch of sound the intensity or loudness of sound.
Continuous exposure to high noise levels in the cockpit should be avoided because the effect is cumulative and can eventually lead to deafness stress levels are increased and concentration levels are decreased general performance and efficiency is reduced all of the above are correct.
Which of the following is the minimum intensity of noise that would result in the sensation of pain to the ears? 85 dB 110 dB 140 dB 160 dB.
Which of the following is the minimum noise level that would mark the onset of temporary or permanent deafness
after prolonged exposure? 85 dB 110 dB 140 dB 160 dB.
Which of the following is the function of the eustachian tube in the human respiratory system? it connects the middle ear to the outer ear it connects the middle ear to the inner ear it connects the middle ear to the throat cavity it connects the inner ear to the throat cavity.
Hearing loss due to long-term exposure to high noise levels is usually first noticed in the loss of sensitivity to high frequency sounds low frequency sounds medium frequency sounds all frequencies of sound.
Above which noise level is it recommended that hearing protection be worn? 160 dB 140 dB 110 dB 85 dB.
Which part of the ear is most affected by pressure differences when the eustachian tube is blocked? the outer ear the middle ear
the inner ear the ear lobe.
If a head cold causes a blockage in the eustachian tube, where is the blockage most likely to occur? at the top where the tube enters the middle ear at the bottom where the tube enters the nasal passage in the centre where the tube is narrowest in any location where the tube bends.
Which component of the inner ear senses changes in speed with constant direction [linear acceleration]? the semicircular canal the otolith organ the eardrum the cochlea.
When established in a balanced level turn at constant bank angle, the hair-like cells of the semicircular canals
will be deflected in the direction of turn deflected in the opposite direction to the turn in the rest position with no deflection waving back and forth.
The term frequency when applied to sound is most closely related to the number of pressure waves arriving at the ear in each second the strength [amplitude] of the pressure waves the loudness of the sound the tone of the sound.
The minimum noise level which could cause a person to suffer temporary or permanent hearing loss after exposure
to sustained levels is 30 dB 45 dB 85 dB 120 dB.
The organ which provides a person with a sense of balance is the accelerometome Eustachian tube cochlea semicircular canals.
During constant angular acceleration, the hair-like sensors (cupula) in the semicircular canals are upright (zero deflection) tilted in the opposite direction to the turn
tilted in the same direction as the turn oscillating.
Hyperventilation is caused by too much carbon monoxide in the air too much carbon dioxide in the air breathing too rapidly for the amount of activity breathing pure oxygen when not necessary.
The part of the ear which converts sounds into nerve impulses is the semicircular canals eustachian tube eardrum cochlea.
The anatomy of the ear which acts as a linear accelerometer is the stirrup anvil cochlea otolith.
Temporary or permanent hearing loss can be caused by sustained noise exposure at levels
above 120 dB of 60 dB or greater typically found in the cockpit of a light aircraft above 140 dB.
Exposure to sustained high noise levels is distracting only is distracting and fatiguing, but only likely to cause temporary hearing loss may cause permanent hearing loss is irritating and distracting, but unlikely to be fatiguing.
A guide as to when hearing protection should be worn is if you must yell to be heard 5 metres away if you can't hear a whisper from 0.5 meters away if you can't hear a normal conversation from 2 metres away if you must yell to be heard 0.5 metres away.
Hearing loss due to long term exposure to high noise levels usually initially affects detection of high frequency sounds detection of low frequency sounds all frequencies equally middle frequency sounds.
It is strongly advised that hearing protections such as a good quality headset should be worn during preflight inspections and throughout the flight during take-off only during take-off and landing at all times during flight
.
The function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup is to transfer vibrations from ] the middle ear to the inner ear. the outter ear to the middle ear. the middle ear to the ear drum. the ear drum to the inner ear.
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