The transfer of oxygen to the blood stream during respiration depends most directly upon the breathing rate the partial pressure of oxygen within the lungs the percentage of lung capacity achieved with each breath [depth of breathing] the volume of oxygen inhaled with each breath.
The component of blood which is most directly involved in the transport of oxygen throughout the body is the plasma haemoglobin the white blood cells the red blood cells.
When suffering from hypoxia at high level in an unpressurised aircraft, the pilot or passengers feel no unpleasant
suffocating sensation because in the absence of physical exertion, there is no change in the carbon dioxide level in the blood
so the brain does not respond there is a subconscious increase in breathing rate to compensate for the dropping ambient
atmospheric pressure the heart rate increases to increase the blood flow to the brain to compensate for the dropping
ambient atmospheric pressure the drop in partial pressure of oxygen is accompanied by a similar drop in the partial pressure
of carbon dioxide.
If a pilot suspects that he/she is suffering the effects of hypoxia, the most appropriate remedy would be voluntarily increase the breathing rate to increase the oxygen uptake voluntarily increase the depth of breathing to induce more oxygen into the lungs voluntarily increase both the rate and depth of breathing use supplemental oxygen or descend immediately to a lower level.
In the event of a sudden loss of cabin pressure at 30000 ft, the Effective Performance Time [EPT] for a pilot
without supplemental oxygen would be approximately 5 minutes 2 minutes 1 minute 15 seconds.
Which of the following is not normally a symptom of hypoxia? cyanosis a feeling of euphoria severe headache erratic behaviour.
CAO 20.4.7 requires that supplemental oxygen be provided and used by the pilot at all times during flight above 20000 feet 10000 feet 14000 feet 8000 feet.
One of the effects of hypoxia is a degradation of night vision. This effect begins at about 4000 feet 10000 feet 14000 feet 20000 feet.
Each passenger must be provided with supplemental oxygen for all of the time at which an unpressurised aircraft
is operating above 20000 feet 10000 feet 14000 feet 8000 feet.
Which of the following will increase susceptibility to hypoxia smoking and alcohol anaemia cold and fatigue all of these.
The average time of useful consciousness for a passenger sitting quietly following a rapid decompression at
30000 feet is closest to 3 minutes 5 minutes 1 minute 10 minutes.
Oxygen is transported around the body by haemoglobin white blood cells plasma the nervous system.
The average time of useful consciousness while engaged in moderate activity following a rapid decompression at
25000 feet is 1 minute 3 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes.
A heavy smoker will suffer the effects of hypoxia at a lower altitude than a non-smoker. While flying at an altitude
of 5000 feet, a heavy smoker could be experiencing the same degree of hypoxia as a non-smoker at 5000 feet 10 000 feet 15 000 feet 20 000 feet.
Hypoxia may be caused by flying with a head cold flying at an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen is too low breathing too quickly and/or too deeply for the requirements of the body flying after a period of underwater diving.
Hypoxia is always accompanied by high temperature and vomiting dizziness profuse sweating a degradation in the performance of a pilot.
Which of the following would not increase the likelihood of suffering the effects of hypoxia at a relatively low
altitude flying at night flying with an elevated blood alcohol level flying in a poor state of physical fitness smoking heavily.
The time of useful consciousness [Effective Performance Time - EPT] while cruising at an altitude of 20 000 feet
and sitting quietly would be about 1 minute 20 minutes 15 minutes 5 minutes.
The symptoms of hyperventilation are quite similar to those of hypoxia quite different to those of hypoxia a blue colouring of the lips and fingernails [ cyanosis]
profuse sweating.
Above which altitude does it first become necessary for the pilot of an unpressurised aircraft to breathe pure
[100%] oxygen? 10 000 feet 33 700 feet 40 000 feet 45 000 feet.
Above which altitude does it first become necessary for the pilot of an unpressurised aircraft to breathe pure
[100%] oxygen under pressure? 10 000 feet 20 000 feet 40 000 feet 45 000 feet.
Cyanosis can be identified by rapid breathing a blue coloration of the finger-nail beds and lips slurred speech difficulty in maintaining balance.
Compared to sitting quietly in a normal cockpit environment, the uptake of oxygen when under stress of coping
with a life-threatening emergency can be increased by a factor of 2 10 20 5.
The most likely immediate effect of a sudden decompression at 35 000 feet would be pains in the stomach the forced exhalation of breath gasping for air dizziness.
A regular smoker at sea-level can be assumed to be at an effective altitude of 2000 feet 5000 feet 8000 feet 10 000 feet.
The average time of useful consciousness when engaged in moderate activity following a rapid decompression at
20000 ft is closest to 10 minutes 5 minutes 3 minutes 1 minute.
Oxygen is transported around the body in the blood by haemoglobin white blood cells leukocytes plasma.
The average time of useful consciousness when engaged in moderate activity following a decompression
at 30000 ft is closest to 30 seconds 1 minute 5 minutes 10 minutes.
A smoker who has an elevated level of carbon monoxide in the blood stream may suffer a greater reduction in
performance as altitude increases compared to a non smoker. This is because at a cabin altitude of 5000 ft, the
physiological altitude of a smoker with a 5% carboxyhaemoglobin saturation can be up to 7000 ft 10000 ft 15000 ft 20000 ft.
Hypoxia may be caused by flying with a head cold flying at an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen is too low breathing too quickly for the amount of activity flying after scuba diving.
Hypoxia is always accompanied by unconsciousness dizziness a deterioration in flying performance perspiration.
Susceptibility to hypoxia will not be increased by flying at night flying with a hangover lack of physical fitness cigarette smoking excessively cold environment.
The time of useful consciousness while cruising at FL200 following an oxygen supply failure and while sitting
quietly is usually closest to 1 minute 20 minutes 15 minutes 10 minutes.
Under what circumstances should 100% oxygen be given to a passenger if they are hyperventilating if they are suffering from the bends if they are suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning if they are suffering from hypoglycaemia.
Hyperventilation produces a chemical imbalance in the body which may give rise to symptoms that are often
mistaken for hypoxia is not likely is a person is breathing from supplementary oxygen cannot lead to unconsciousness is usually due to factors other than anxiety or apprehension.
One method recommended to help overcome 'hyperventilation' is to breathe more deeply and at a slightly faster rate hold your breath, or try to breathe more slowly hold your nose and blow out hard avoid reading 'Penthouse' during class.
If you are experiencing feelings of warmth and well being, associated with blue discolouration around the lips and
fingernails, you may be suffering from hyperventilation the 'bends' CO poisoning hypoxia.
Many of the symptoms of hypoxia and hyperventilation appear the same. To assist in deciding the condition being
experienced only hypoxia causes tingling sensations only hyperventilation causes blue colouration around the extremities of the body only hyperventilation causes feelings of warmth and well being only hypoxia causes blue colouring around the lips.
A tingling feeling in the extremities is a symptom of hyperventilation carbon monoxide poisoning hypoxia the bends.
A voluntary reduction in the rate of respiration is a treatment for hyperventilation carbon monoxide poisoning hypoxia the bends.
A pilot should breathe 100% oxygen under pressure above a cabin altitude of 20000 ft 30000 ft 40000 ft 45000 ft.
As altitude is increased, the percentage of oxygen present in the atmosphere remains constant decreases increases decreases then increases.
The average retention span of the short term memory is about 5 to 10 seconds 15 to 30 seconds 1 minute 3 minutes.
Which of the following is true concerning the short term memory's susceptibility to error? it is very susceptible to error it is free of error it is almost free of error it is more susceptible to error in the young.
The long term memory performs best when the information is presented in one large block as a series of unrelated single items by association with previous items already stored in the long term memory with the aid of over-head projector slides.
Attitude is considered as incorporating three different elements; they are believing [cognitive], feeling [affective] and acting [behavioural] seeing [visual], believing [cognitive] and feeling [affective] seeing [visual], hearing [auditory] and feeling [affective] feeling [affective], acting [behavioural] and hearing [auditory].
The source of motivation is different for different individuals the same for everybody associated only with monetary gain associated only with personal satisfaction.
Our attitudes are often the result of our thoughts or beliefs colouring our perception of reality this statement is true this statement is false.
The duration of the sensory memory for sounds is approximately 1 to 2 seconds 2 to 4 seconds 4 to 8 seconds 15 to 20 seconds.
The duration of the sensory memory for visual images is approximately 1 second 2 seconds 8 seconds 20 seconds.
The average number of items that can be held in the short term memory is 7 10 15 20.
One interesting characteristic of the short term memory is that it appears to be almost entirely acoustic almost entirely visual equally reliant on visual and acoustic inputs unaffected by alcohol.
When a task has been rehearsed and drilled to the point where it can be performed with no conscious monitoring,
it has become a motor program reflex action habit conditioned response.
The four stages by which information is processed by the brain are decision, perception, sensation and response perception, sensation, response and decision sensation, decision, perception, and response sensation, perception, decision and response.
The Performance v Arousal curve shows that the higher the arousal, the better the performance the lower the arousal, the better the performance the best performance is achieved at a moderate level of arousal performance is virtually unaffected by arousal.
As arousal increases from boredom to anxiety, the performance of a particular task is likely to increase continuously decrease continuously decrease then increase increase then decrease.
Which of the following is likely to have the most lasting effect on pilot motivation? high wages promotion threat of dismissal job satisfaction.
The main function of the semantic memory is to recognise names and faces recognise visual symbols, codes or logos remember episodes of cause and effect that have occurred in the past remember skills that have been learned by constant repetition.
The main function of the episodic memory is to recognise names and faces recognise visual symbols, codes or logos remember episodes of cause and effect that have occurred in the past remember skills that have been learned by constant repetition.
A personality which features cool headed self assurance would be classified as stable extrovert unstable extrovert stable introvert unstable introvert.
Deference is one of the 'hazardous thoughts' which affect human behaviour and decision making. It refers to the tendency to resist authority and object to regulation the tendency to commit to a particular course of action without considering the consequences the tendency to blame another person or circumstance for whatever goes wrong the tendency to believe that 'it can't happen to me'.
Which of the following is true of the brain's mental capacity? the brain can consciously think upon several items at the same time the brain can carry out only one motor program at a time the brain can carry out more than one motor program at a time the brain cannot carry out a motor program without consciously monitoring the actions
involved.
Long term memory is enhanced if the information is presented in massive chunks in limited quantity by association with existing stored information with continuous repetition.
When a manual task has been rehearsed and practised it requires less conscious attention to perform than a new
task. This is because the well practised task is performed via a cerebellum loop motor program parasympathetic memory channel mental picture.
Concerning the rate of information processing and the attention range of a pilot flying with a critically ill patient
diverting to an emergency alternate in poor weather compared to a typical flight the rate of information processing will increase and the attention range will decrease the rate of information processing will decrease and the attention range will increase the rate of information processing will increase and the attention range will increase the rate of information processing will decrease and the attention range will decrease.
Professionals in the field of aviation workload assess pilot's mental workload in order to determine the minimum rest period required the maximum duty period which may be sustained the maximum flight time which may be sustained how much spare mental capacity is available to allow a pilot to cope in an emergency.
A motor program is most likely to have a problem at the stage of initiation execution learning formulation.
A goal oriented person who is not people oriented will relate to others in a way that appears friendly to associates and subordinates aggressive to subordinates and associates cool to subordinates and associates friendly to associates but aggressive to subordinates.
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of human needs, the motivating factor on the highest level of the hierarchy is monetary rewards/salary responsibility/job satisfaction job security working relationships with colleagues working conditions.
A person is able to best recall information from short term memory that is visual and clustered audible and clustered visual and separate audible and separate.
A Captain on a flight disables the overspeed warning system by pulling the circuit breaker. The First Officer asks
the Captain why and he replies that it will enable them to increase speed and save time and that he knows what he
is doing. The First Officer then shrugs his shoulders and says nothing more about the decision. The First Officer's
attitude in this case may described as anti - authoritarian one of vulnerability assertive deferent.
A large transport jet aircraft suffered total hydraulic system failure when an engine explosion severed the hydraulic
lines of all three hydraulic systems leaving the aircraft with no primary flight control response. The crew were able
to crash land the aircraft using asymmetric thrust from the remaining engines. Two thirds of the people on board
(184 out of 285) survived the crash. The crew were able to control an apparently uncontrollable aircraft by using
knowledge from short term memory long term memory motor programs semantic memory.
The ideal level of arousal for a pilot prior to completing a flight proficiency check is very high high very low low to moderate moderate.
Regarding motivation people may be motivated by different forces while apparently behaving in the same way everyone is motivated by the same basic factors motivation drives a person to behave in a socially acceptable way drives are innate in all individuals while motivation is extrinsic.
The human brain may be considered in some ways to be similar to a computer. It processes inputs in the order of perception, reaction, review, reassess sensation, perception, decision, response induction, review, processing, revision processing, responding, perceiving, behaving.
A pilot who is anxious about night flying is conducting an approach at 2300 hours local time to an airport in poor
weather. In this situation his/her level of arousal is likely to be low high optimum extreme.
Cruising on a long flight over featureless terrain a pilot's information processing is likely to suffer from increased rate and decreased range increased rate and increased range decreased rate and decreased range decreased rate and increased range.
The brain processes information through four stages. In order these are decision, perception, sensation, response perception, sensation, decision, response sensation, response, perception, decision sensation, perception, decision, response.
The factors by which attitude may be said to be influenced are cognitive, affective and behavioural behavioural, psychological and physiological cognitive, environmental and mental affective, effective and reflective.
Motivation is derived from the same sources for all individuals different sources for different individuals extrinsic factors only intrinsic factors only.
The Hertzberg Two Factor Theory proposes positive motivating factors in job satisfaction like achievement and
recognition. Negative factors causing dissatisfaction are hygiene factors. An example of a hygiene factor is advancement responsibility staff relations the type of work.
After takeoff a pilot notices oil leaking from one of the engines due to a loose oil cap and immediately shuts down
the engine but fails to feather the propeller. The aircraft crashes as a result. The actions of the pilot in this situation
are the result of an attitude of invulnerability macho resignation impulsiveness.
An instructor who lets a student deviate significantly from a standard approach, hoping they will improve uses an
interactive style which may be categorised as P+ G+ P+ G- P- G- P- G+.
The personality type most likely to have an accident as a result of risk taking is the stable introvert stable extrovert anxious introvert anxious extrovert.
The typical number of separate unrelated items which can be retained in the working memory is 3 7 12 20.
During periods of high stress, a pilots attention is likely to be selective sequential divided parallel selective parallel divided sequential.
The technique of 'chunking' may be used to improve the capacity of the short-term [working] memory improve the capacity of the long-term memory improve the capacity of the sensory memory increase the rate at which information can be processed.
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