During which period of the day will the average person find it most difficult to stay awake? midday to 2 pm 10 pm to 2 am 3 am to 5 am 9 am to midday.
What is the average rate at which the body resynchronises to local time after travelling through a large change in
longitude? 6 hours per day 8 hours per day 4 hours per day 1.5 hours per day.
After a non-stop flight through a 90° change in longitude, the time required for the body rhythms to fully readjust
to the destination's local time would be closest to 1 day 4 days 10 days 12 days.
On the Holmes/Rahe scale of recent experience which of the following is rated as being the least stressful? change in eating habits trouble with the boss at work retirement death of a close family member.
The Holmes/Rahe research showed that stress levels can be increased by changes in life style or conditions and
any change, for the worse or for the better can increase stress levels this statement is true this statement is false.
Which of the following is true regarding transmeridian dyschronism [jet lag] flying east requires the body's rhythms to advance flying west requires the body's rhythms to advance flying east requires the body's rhythms to delay flying north in summer requires the body's rhythms to advance.
Which of the following is true of the circadian rhythm for a normal person? it always follows an exact 24 hour cycle it tends to revert to a 25 hour cycle when the subject is isolated in an artificial environment it speeds up in summer and slows down in winter the body finds it easier to speed it up than it does to slow it down.
Which of the following would be most vulnerable to fatigue? clear thinking hovering a helicopter seeing and hearing clearly speaking clearly.
The lapse in performance standards which occurs daily in mid afternoon is known as the post-meridian depression the post-prandial dip the siesta syndrome the afternoon lapse phase.
Which of the following describe, in order of occurrence, the three phases of the body's adaptation to stress? resistance, alarm, collapse collapse, resistance, alarm resistance, collapse, alarm alarm, resistance, collapse.
Which of the following describes the effect of excess stress on the attention span? the attention span is reduced the attention span is increased the attention span is not affected by excess stress the attention span reduces initially but soon returns to normal.
Sleep is likely to be most beneficial when you go to bed as late as possible the sleep period coincides with the circadian sleep cycle the bed room is kept at body temperature you go to bed as early as possible.
Chronic fatigue differs from acute fatigue in that it can usually be relieved by a good night's sleep it is always the result of overexertion it is easily treated by sleeping pills it is usually life-style related and the cause may not be obvious.
Tasks become more likely to be affected by fatigue as they become more monotonous and less complicated less monotonous and less complicated more monotonous and more complicated less monotonous and more complicated.
Which of the following is true of acute stress? it always has a negative effect on performance and should be avoided at all costs it has no affect on performance moderate levels of stress can enhance the dynamics of coping with a particular situation the higher the stress levels, the better the performance becomes.
A common source of human error is the false hypothesis. Under certain conditions this is more or less likely
than at other times. From the following list, select the situation least likely to result in a person arriving at a false
hypothesis when expectancy of an event is high after a period of intense concentration during a period of preoccupation with another problem during normal operations.
The process of decision making involves which order of steps? consider the facts; define the problem; consider the solutions; act; consider the result define the problem; consider the facts; consider the solutions; act; consider the result consider the facts; consider the solutions; define the problem; act; consider the result define the problem; consider the solutions; consider the facts; act; consider the result.
A pilot who was worried about the condition of the left engine in a twin-engine aeroplane experienced an engine
failure on take-off and feathered the left engine, only to find that it was the right engine which failed. This pilot
has been a victim of expectancy producing a false hypothesis a motor program producing a false hypothesis expectancy producing a mental block stress producing a memory loss.
The illustration below serves to illustrate the perceptual error known as PARIS
IN THE
THE SPRING the Coriolis illusion the autokinetic illusion somatogravic illusion mind set.
Which of the following is not an emotional indicator of stress apathy and depression constant feeling of weariness high pulse rate changes of mood and shortness of temper.
With reference to transmeridian dyschronism (Jet lag), the worst condition for biorhythm readjustment is flying east (with the body system phases needing to advance) flying west (with the body system phases needing to retard) flying east (with the body system phases needing to retard) flying west (with the body system phases needing to advance).
Human error as a cause of aircraft accidents has become a major focus of safety programs for many airlines. Concerning
the link between human error and aircraft safety human error can be eliminated through thorough training human error can be eliminated through standard operating procedures (SOP's) human error can be eliminated through short duty periods which prevent boredom human error can never be eliminated.
In human decision making, the term "Risky Shift" describes the tendency for an individual to be more likely to be prepared to knowingly breach a regulation than a group a group to be more likely to be prepared to knowingly breach a regulation than an individual a group to be less likely to be prepared to knowingly breach a regulation than an individual both groups and individuals to be prepared to knowingly breach a regulation as experience
levels rise.
A pilot on final approach may say "gear down" during the pre-landing checks without actually performing the action
of lowering the gear. In this case the error is referred to as random sporadic environmental capture systematic.
Brief periods of sleep between rest periods, or naps, have been shown to be beneficial in restoring sleep credit
and overcoming the effects of jet lag. Studies have shown that in order for a nap to be considered beneficial, the
duration needs to be at least 10- 15 minutes 25-35 minutes 45 minutes 60 minutes.
A stress management method which is defined as a cognitive method is alcohol rationalisation changing jobs exercise.
When in cruise in an aeroplane with an autopilot engaged, the role of the pilot is primarily one of monitoring systems.
The typical length of time for which a pilot will maintain vigilance before boredom reduces performance
significantly is 10 minutes 30 minutes 50 minutes 90 minutes.
Chronic fatigue in an individual is characterised by loss of appetite, insomnia, tenseness and depression physical exhaustion alone irritability, insomnia but not loss of appetite feelings of elation, and increased reliance on caffeine and alcohol.
A person who undergoes counselling for stress is using a coping strategy which may be described as cognitive reactive active passive.
While conducting an instrument approach in IMC you have a mental picture of what 'you expect to see when you
become visual. You break out of cloud and what you see is different to your mental picture of the approach. In
this situation essential details will tend to be overlooked it will take time for you to orient yourself you will experience strong vertigo you will immediately discount the contribution of the mental model.
The error-cause-removal approach to reducing the occurrence of human error aims to achieve zero error rate reduce errors through high levels of motivation encourage pilots to identify potential sources of error to prevent problems in the future develop safeguard backups to manage error so that when it occurs, other procedures
will check the result to identify any problem.
Chronic fatigue is most likely to be initially caused by continued pressure from upper management a long period of poor health problems at home difficult rosters.
Concerning the management of human error in relation to enhancement of safety in aviation the only way to achieve safety is through elimination of human error the most significant way of controlling human error is by continuously and enthusiastically
publicising safety practices repetition or overlearning has a significant influence on error reduction while motivation does
not human error can never be eliminated and to conceal errors is to encourage their repetition.
The most beneficial stress management strategy is a threefold approach involving modification or use of attitudes, diet and fitness diet, medication and behaviour behaviour, attitudes and fitness relaxation techniques, medication and exercise.
The function of the Eustachian tube in the human body is to detect angular acceleration detect motion transmit nerve impulses equalise air pressure each side of the eardrum.
A false hypothesis would be unlikely to be made when expectancy is high after a period of intense concentration after a series of false alarms when preoccupied with another task.
Chronic fatigue differs from acute fatigue in that stress is not a factor in acute fatigue, only in chronic fatigue chronic fatigue can be overcome by a good night's sleep in most cases chronic fatigue is unlikely to develop unless the pilot experiences jet lag chronic fatigue can build up insidiously over time but be triggered or worsened by other
factors.
The highest life change unit score on the Holmes-Rahe scale is associated with marital separation marriage change in sleeping habits death of a close family member.
Escapism as stress management mechanism may involve the use of drugs or a physical escape from an intolerable
work situation to a new job. Escaping should never be used as a solution may sometimes be the only viable option is the first option for stress management will never solve a persons problems.
The circadian rhythm of body temperature, which influences the natural sleep-wake cycle is consistent at exactly 24 hours is consistent in isolation at 25 hours, hence the sleep period would begin about an hour later
each day varies widely between individuals is generally about 12 hours in duration.
When conducting a procedural approach, a pilot uses a pattern of behaviour which is motor programme based rule based knowledge based skill based.
Paradoxical sleep is a term used to describe ROM sleep RAM sleep stage 2 sleep REM sleep.
Approximately half of normal sleep is made up of ROM sleep RAM sleep stage 2 sleep.
Events are perceived as stressful when they result in positive or negative life changes positive life changes only negative life changes only headaches and nausea.
The minimum required length of a micro nap to be considered restorative is 10 minutes 20 minutes 40 minutes I hour.
The order of steps involved in the PILOT model of decision making is pray, initiate action, look for solutions, oversee progress, take stock postulate, investigate, litigate, operate, terminate probe the facts, identify the problem, look for solutions, operate, take stock postpone action, investigate the solution, listen to others, operate, tell someone.
Select the item which best describes an external threat pilot fatigue a pilot suffering from the effects of a hangover another aircraft entering the runway while you are on late final difficulty in understanding the transmission of a foreign pilot.
Select the item which best describes an undesired aircraft state arrival over the threshold too high and too fast on a landing approach failing to notice a damaged tyre during a daily inspection failure to realise that a destination aerodrome requires an alternate aircraft overdue for its annual inspection.
An example of an expected threat is thunderstorms forecast on the TAF engine failure in flight becoming lost in flight being diverted in flight by ATC.
For the flight crew, the three basic components in the TEM model are threats, errors and undesired aircraft states threats, errors and anticipated aircraft states threats, flight crew human resources and aircraft states errors, flight crew human resources and undesired aircraft states.
Which of the following would be classified as an external threat pressure to meet timetables pilot fatigue health and fitness lack of familiarity with other crew members.
An example of a latent threat is undercarriage will not retract in flight wind gusts exceeding the aircraft's cross wind limitations for landing poor aircraft equipment design unexpected high traffic volume in the terminal area.
Entering the incorrect way-point data while operating in a stressful cockpit environment is an example of environmental threat organisational threat expected threat unexpected threat.
The three primary categories of error in the TEM model are loss of heading control, loss of attitude control and loss of airspeed control navigational error, radio frequency error and navigation aid error crew resource error, airtraffic control error and ground handling error aircraft handling errors, procedural errors and communication errors.
Undesired aircraft states are categorised by the TEM model as aircraft handling, ground handling and incorrect aircraft configuration aircraft ground handling, vertical navigation and incorrect inflight configuration vertical navigation, ground handling and inflight navigation aircraft configuration, ground handling and inflight aircraft handling.
Track and speed deviation are examples of ground navigation state aircraft handling state horizontal navigation state aircraft configuration state.
Unauthorised penetration of controlled airspace is an example of an undesired
ground navigation state aircraft handling state air navigation state navigation configuration state.
Being positioned at the incorrect holding point prior to take-off is an example of an undesired aircraft handling state aircraft ground configuration state situational awareness state ground navigation state.
Incorrect navigation aid setting is an example of ground navigation state aircraft configuration state horizontal navigation state situational awareness state.
With regard to TEM, the use of a checklist prior to take-off is an example of a desirable aircraft state a safety state a countermeasure a safety tactic.
When considering the risk any threat imposes you should consider the probability of encountering the threat irrespective of the consequences the seriousness of the consequences irrespective of the probability of encountering the threat the probability of encountering the threat and the seriousness of the consequences the probability of encountering the threat an any stage during the flight.
When an undesired aircraft state is identified the primary task should be identify the error which led to the undesired aircraft state identify and correct the error which led to the undesired aircraft state deal with the undesired aircraft state and return to controlled stabilised flight advise ATC of the undesired aircraft state.
One measure of the effectiveness of actions taken by a crew to manage threats is the accuracy of the crew's recall of events during de-briefing the speed with which the crew acted to manage the threat whether the threat was detected in time for the crew to respond appropriately whether an undesired aircraft state was avoided.
The most proactive option in threat management is to anticipate the recovery action required if the threat occurs anticipate and avoid the threat altogether take corrective action once the threat has occurred concentrate on management of any undesired aircraft state that may result.
Mismanaged threats usually lead to errors which are then linked to undesired aircraft states undesired aircraft states which are then linked to errors aircraft handling errors which then lead to environmental errors diversion from standard operating procedures.
With regard to TEM, a cockpit systems failure warning light is an example of a proactive decision making process a systemic-based countermeasure an undesired aircraft state management device a handling error countermeasure.
Which of the following techniques would contribute most to good team problem solving performance? stand steadfastly by your own aims and opinions and don't be swayed by others trust you personal feelings about an issue rather than logic always take a vote on final decisions to ensure that everyone on the team is happy team members contribute but the team leader makes the final decision.
Good leadership in a group is characterised by high personal attention and medium task orientation medium personal attention and medium task orientation high personal attention and high task orientation medium personal attention and high task orientation.
Which of the following represents the best order of priorities for tasks during flight aviate, communicate, navigate communicate, navigate, aviate navigate, aviate, communicate aviate, navigate, communicate.
An example of the 'push' mode of conversation is asking a question making a proposal giving your opinion requesting an opinion.
Which of the following would not be indicative of good leadership? leading by example advising your intentions before acting not involving the crew in decision making offering praise for good performance.
Mode awareness has become a concern for the crews of modern generation aircraft. This term refers to crew awareness of the flight mode of the autoflight systems first-officer awareness of the mood of the captain captain's awareness of the thoughts of the flight crew crew awareness of the correct speeds and power settings for various flight stages.
One disadvantage of glass cockpit technology in the modern generation of aircraft is that pilots having difficulty in understanding the mass of information presented on the displays captains having difficulty in monitoring the actions of the crew loss of proficiency in basic instrument flying skills especially in younger pilots lack of faith in the indications given by the CRTs.
Which of the following is an advantage of a digital display over a circular analogue display? comparison between similar systems is easier the exact value of an item is more easily read it is easier to observe the direction and rate of change of a parameter it is easier to include it in the scan during hands-on instrument flight.
Which of the following is true of linear strip display type instruments compared to circular gauge instruments they provide easier comparison between systems it is difficult to detect a discrepancy between two systems linear strip displays make it easier to obtain accurate values linear strip displays are easier to include in the scan during instrument flight.
The captain of a multi-crew aircraft rarely consults other members of the crew and discourages any verbal input
from them in the course of a flight. This situation could be described as a shallow authority gradient an ideal authority gradient a steep authority gradient strong leadership.
The 'Three Circles' model of good leadership requires that a leader should concentrate on the task and not be influenced by the team or the individual always consider the team and the task, but not be concerned with individuals consider the task and the team only after all the of the needs of the individual have been met be prepared to consider the task, the team and the individual in his/her leadership style.
A good leader should be prepared to lead by example, motivate, delegate and consult lead by example, motivate, delegate but never consult lead by example, motivate, consult but never delegate lead by example, consult, delegate but never motivate.
In December 1978 in Portland, Oregon USA, the crew of a United Airlines DC-8 were dealing with an undercarriage
fault as they approached the airport. While attempting to deal with the fault, the captain held for over an
hour until the aircraft eventually ran out of fuel. The flight engineer had warned the captain of the low fuel state
but the captain, preoccupied with the undercarriage fault, simply said "OK" then went back to what he was doing.
A contributing factor in this accident was the engineer's attitude of resignation hesitation lack of concern lack of assertion.
Which of the following is an example of the 'Pull' mode of communication? inviting the other party to negotiate giving commands or orders expressing an opinion presenting your side of a negotiation.
An important difference between leadership and authority is that authority is assigned while true leadership is
acquired. this statement is true this statement is false.
In the event of a sudden emergency in flight the most effective communication style is assertive resigned sympathetic abrasive.
The two communication rule used by many air crews today requires a response to each statement or comment made
on the flight deck. If a response is not made by the flying pilot, then the comment is repeated once more and if there is still no response the non flying pilot takes
over the comment is repeated twice more with increased volume and if there is still no response the
non flying pilot takes over the non flying pilot takes over immediately the comment is repeated once more and if there is still no response the non flying pilot
shakes the other crew member to wake them up.
Good cockpit leadership technique may be characterised by high personal attention and medium task orientation medium personal attention and medium task orientation high personal attention and high task orientation medium personal attention and high task orientation.
The preferred style of communication on the flight deck is debating summarising
physical touch prolonged eye contact.
Refer to the diagram below representing a glass cockpit display consisting of an artificial horizon with an airspeed
tape on the left and an altitude tape on the right both with high values at the top of the display. On climb with a
constant power setting the speed and altitude scales will be moving in opposite directions as airspeed reduces and
altitude increases. This may lead to the illusion of climbing rolling pitching yawing .
A good captain will encourage the co-pilot to use communication styles which are assertive and submissive aggressive and supportive supportive and submissive assertive and supportive.
The body language technique which should be adopted by a Captain to encourage optimal communication between
crew members is yawning finger tapping head nodding constant eye contact.
A display of good leadership techniques by a Captain to encourage team work may include giving his opinion first and then consulting other crew members explaining the reasons for not implementing ideas of the group taking votes from crew about a proposed course of action acting first then explaining later.
The most important considerations in the ergonomics of flight deck design are function, ease of use, frequency of use, interpretation of signals function, frequency of use, sequence of use, importance of control function, sequence of use, size function, symbolism, recognition.
A senior Captain in a company has been asked to discipline a junior pilot who has a poor attitude towards procedures.
The problem is to be rectified through the avenue of counselling methods. For best results, the qualities the
senior Captain should demonstrate to the junior pilot are trustworthiness and high technical competence authority and high technical competence authority and trustworthiness trustworthiness and good communication skills.
In attempting to motivate flight crew to be vigilant and professional in their flying operations exhortation alone is of limited benefit extrinsic motivators are not effective intrinsic motivators are not effective strict discipline and punishment is the best approach.
The cockpit authority gradient refers to the relationship that exists between the captain and other flight crew members the aircraft attitude on climbout a left hand turn the relative experience levels of the different members of the flight crew.
Of the cockpit instrument layouts below, the one which makes disparate readings between engines most easily
identified on both primary [P] and secondary [S] engine parameters is P S S P P S P S S P S P P S.
In the following statements, the one which is not an advantage of a gauge type display of engine parameters versus
a digital readout is the exact value of the parameter is easy to discern trends and rate of change are easily detected comparison between engines is made easier a glance can tell the pilot if the readings are within the normal range.
An example of the 'push' mode of conversation is asking a question making a proposal giving your diagnosis reading back.
The Glass Cockpit technology of the modern generation of aircraft has many advantages over the conventional
flight deck instruments but there are disadvantages as well. One such disadvantage is pilots having difficulty integrating the mass of information presented on the displays an increased monitoring workload lack of proficiency of basic instrument flying skills, especially for younger pilots older pilots distrust of the systems.
Mode awareness has become a cause for concern among crews of modern generation aircraft. This term refers to crew awareness of the flight mode of the autoflight system co-pilot awareness of the mode of questioning of the captain captain awareness of the thought processes of the first officer crew awareness of the transponder mode setting for WAS operation.
Linear strip type instrument displays compared to circular gauge instruments provide an easy comparison between systems and show trends clearly an easy comparison between systems and show trends clearly more accurate values no advantages.
A characteristic of good leadership would be for a Pilot in Command to propose a solution then consult the First Officer for an opinion ask the First Officer's opinion then make a decision act autocratically act democratically.
A large jet transport aircraft was in a holding pattern at 2000 ft while the crew investigated a landing gear fault
indication. While the attention of the entire crew was diverted to the landing gear problem the aircraft slowly descended
and crash landed in swampy terrain. The crash was due to the poor design of the gear indicating system the failure of the captain to manage the situation the negligence of the air traffic controller who should have noticed the loss in altitude the failure of the autopilot system.
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