"the parts of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication, as well the knowledge of the time and place in which the words are said." is defined: text context co-text function. the speaker's purpose(s) in speaking is called: pragmatics coherence cohesion function. the study of how the assumption of relevance holds texts together meaningfully is defined by
the relevance theory the context the felicity condition the cooperative principle. Discourse analysis emphasizes
the structure of the text the context none of the above the social principles of discourse. The text/discourse is therefore "meaningful and unified". This quality is called:
cohesion function coherence or relevance coherence, not relevance. Co-text is: a special vocabulary people share the context of the text we are dealing with what people know of the way of the world our cultural context. When the referent is mentioned for the first time in a text, we call it exophoric anaphoric deictic endophoric. when a referring expression points to entities that have been already mentioned in a previous conversation, we talk about situational context cooperative principle intertextuality deixis. we already know about the entities mentioned in a text, we talk about anaphoric reference endophoric reference elliptic reference grammatical reference. We can devide the backgound knowledge into
personal and interpersonal knowledge primary and secondary knowledge cultural general knowledge and interpersonal knowledge general knowledge and relevance knowledge. What is a reference? an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms NOT to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms to identify the entity being referred to none of the above an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to. The situational context refers to the speakers' knowledge none of the above what speakers knows of the world what speakers know of the environment surrounding them. How many types of endophora are there? 4 3 just one 2. "I eat lamb and veal: I really love meat". In this sentence, "meat" is: a synonim a substitution a Superordinate an ellipsis. "I hate this stuff! Why do I have to study it?". In this sentence, the word "stuff" is:
a substitution a cataphora a general word a superordinate. Who theorized Speech Acts?
Culpeper Saussure Searle Austin. behind every utterance there is always a performative verb: this is the cooperative principle the felicity condition the performative hypothesis the performative act. Discourse can be analyzed through two approaches: anaphora and cataphora exchange structure and conversation analysis the 5 micro-classes discourse and conversation analysis. Substitution______ repetitions in a text. avoids produces omits adds. The cooperative principle was theorized by John Austin Lakoff John Searle Paul Grice. speech acts that not always are supported by a performative verb are called cooperative performatives implicit performatives felicity acts illocutionary acts. ellipsis omits part of the discourse because is absent the hearer/reader already knows the hearer does not want to know the hearer/reader is not interested. the words that commit the speaker to future actions are called commissive illocutionary acts representatives conversational. ordering, requesting, commanding, inviting... are all examples of: commissives directives declarations expressives. "I command" is an example of: superordinate substitution deixis declaration. How many maxims do we have, according to Grice? infinite 2: truth and lie 3 4. The degree of Relevance Theory is governed by contextual effects and processing effort a strong processive effort contextual effects without considering any effort Grice's four Maxims. When we provide new information by filling in the missing words, we are performing Bald on Record Politeness an implicature an explicature Bald on Record Impoliteness. Relevance Theory was theorized by Wison and Austin Sperber and Austin Sperber and Wilson Sperber and Grice. Leech's approach to politeness has ____ principles 2 4 6 3. which of these acts does NOT threat our positive face? emotion leakage humiliation apologies admissions of guilt. The concept of "face" was theorized for the first time by Brown and Levinson Culpeper and Levinson Goffman Lakoff and Leech. Politeness started to be studied during the the last twenty years 1950s 1960s 1970s. implicit messages the hearer addresses to the speaker are off-record swearwords explicatures implicatures. politeness as a reducer of social friction according to Austin Searle Culpeper Lakoff. Polite Principle was theorized by Lakoff Austin Culpeper Searle. When was Politeness: Some universals in language usage published? 1978 1987 1967 1970. Polite Principle has _____ principles. 3 6 4 2. Which of these maxim is NOT included in Leech's Polite Principle? Tact Maxim Honesty Maxim Modesty Maxim Simpathy Maxim. According to Leech, absolute politeness is: more powerful than relative politeness less powerful than relative politeness none of the above as powerful as relative politeness. The hearer's positive face is threatened when says he/she is sorry The speaker expresses thanks the speaker doesn't really care about his/her feelings The speaker expresses apologies. when we go off record, the speech will be: direct ambiguous clear fully comprehensible. when we go on record, we have ______ intentions ambiguous second clear hidden. How many groups do Brown and Levinson devide FTAs? 2 3 5 4. To go bald means to speak by omitting information to speak as directly and clearly as possible to enrich our discourse with rethorical figures to speak ambiguously. Which of these strategies is NOT included when we go off record? metaphors irony offers rethorical questions. social distance between the speaker and the hearer is: the measure the speaker can impose his/her will on the hearer the degree the speaker has to perform an act the right has the speaker to perform an act the degree of familiarity and solidarity they share. relative power of the speaker and the hearer is the measure the speaker can impose his/her will on the hearer the degree of familiarity and solidarity they share the degree the speaker has to perform an act the right has the speaker to perform an act. Poststructuralism was born in 1978, with the publication of Brown and Levinson's book during the 1940s, initially, and from the 1950s on during the 1960s during the 1950s. Impoliteness. Using Language to Cause Offence was published in 1998 1996 1978 1969. Impoliteness depends on what is said rather than how someone says something how someone says something rather than at what is said when someone says something rather than where is said how someone says something rather than if is said. Goffaman's definition of Face is different from that of Brown and Levinson because it includes the notion of social and economic status it includes the notion of social status it includes the notion of social media it includes the notion of social interdependence. According to Goffman, Face is: an image of self delineated in terms of qualified education an image of self delineated in terms of approved nationality an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes an image of self delineated in terms of money. How many components does Intentionality require? 4 3 5 2. The violation of social norms leads to morality FTAs immorality none of the above. As for Spencer-Oatey definition of "relational face", Culpeper: does not have an opinion about anounced that it was one of his definitions and Spencer-Oatey had copied it fully agrees disagrees because talking about rights and obligations means to include in any analysis social/legal background, that is not always easy to do. If I ridicule someone, what am I doing according to Brown and Levinson's super-strategies? being sarcastic negative impoliteness positive impoliteness mocking impoliteness. In a conversation, if I invade other speakers' space I'm expressing, according to Brown and Levinson's super-strategies: positive impoliteness being sarcastic negative impoliteness mocking impoliteness. Mock Impoliteness is also called absolute impoliteness relative impoliteness fake impoliteness banter. Mock Impoliteness is a lie told by the hearer is not intended to cause offence is intended to cause offence inevitably will cause offence. How many super-strategies are listed by Brown and Levinson 2 4 5 3. To be unsympathetic means, according to Brown and Levinson's super-strategies: irony negative impoliteness positive impoliteness sarcasm. To use a secretive language means, according to Brown and Levinson's super-strategies: irony positive impoliteness sarcasm negative impoliteness. To include taboo words in a conversation means, according to Brown and Levinson's super-strategies: sarcasm irony negative impoliteness positive impoliteness. Withhold politeness is the _______ of politeness work where it would be expected. ironic absence presence positive/negative. when writing a paper, it is essential to establish a clear _____ research brainstorming session it depends focus. Written papers usually made during the academic carreer are: extended essays homework reports brainstorming. Is there any difference between THESIS and DISSERTATION? the thesis is a final work you write At the end of their BA/MA ; the dissertation is the final work students write at the end of a Ph. D. course No, they are synonyms Thesis in used in UK, while dissertation in the USA the thesis is a final work you write at the end of a Ph. D. course; the dissertation is the final work students write at the end of their BA/MA. An account that gives detailed information about one or more people and describes development over aperiod of time is: a thesis a case study a report a dissertation. A collaborative website which can be directly edited by anyone who accesses to it is: a blog a wiki a field study a chat. When you prepare to write an academic essay, what is the first thing you do? organize the information draft gather information make a plan. When you plan to write an essay, _____ can help you do it the best way possible drafting brainstorming plagiarism recycling homework. Jstor or ResearchGate are: publishing houses forums online libraries editing strategies. when writing a paper, it is essential to work alone? No: it is always a good thing to be read by an external critic eye definitely: don't trust anyone yes, because you are the best critic of yourself yes, because nobody has studied the things you studied. Evidences give _____ to your essay: nothing (it is better not to include them) problems with plagiarism more academic weight a lot of problems. What does "to frame something in your own terms" means? to care about the graphic layout of your paper to quote someone else's opinion properly to express your opinion openly, without academic references to support your idea your reader expects to read about your point of view, your stance. To identify the relevant information it is important to read randomly, as long it is related to your academic field. anything selectively nothing at all. The Cornell Note-Taking Method was created by Walter Pauk Walter Cornell Walter Paul Cornell Paul Cornell. Summarizing means:
avoiding relevant pieces of information
condensing someone's ideas into a shorter form
omitting random information
to write a brief essay. Paraphrasing means: to omit information rewriting someone's ideas using different words and phrases to reach different conclusions in your essay changing the order of the sentences in your essay. Plagiarism is a strategy to quote someone else's opinion in your writing a strategy to provide academic weight to your writing always a good thing to do when writing a form of cheating. N O W (Approach) is the acronym of: Note - Organize - Write Note - Over - Writing Not - Only - Writing Not - Organized - Writing. the title of your essay must be romantic sensational! evocative as clear and direct as possible. In the conclusion of your essay, which of these options is NOT included? a brief reference to the thesis statement your personal opinion a comment of all the features described in the body some possible references for further analysis. Evaluating essays are: reviews texts that conveys an idea or that tries to verify a hypothesis charts texts that state what you think about a topic. In the body of your essay, is it possible to state your opinion? Absolutely not Yes, provided that you convey it academically Yes, provided that you put it between inverted commas ("") Yes, provided that you start with "I think that". In the introduction of your essay, you can offer a general summary of the most recent events related to the topic you have chosen a quick reminder of the conclusion you will achieve none of the above your personal opinion. A tutorial is: another name to define lessons a video on YouTube a meeting between teachers and experts of didactic a meeting between professor and student. even translating from another language without acknowledging the source is: plagiarism a homage to the scholars you've studied a good exercise to enrich your vocabulary a solid strategy to improve your skills. Are there connections between introduction and conclusion in an essay? Yes, you can refer to the conclusions in the introduction and viceversa No, otherwise the reader would not finish reading our essay Nowadays, scholars tend not to refer back to the introduction when they write the conclusions Nowadays, scholars tend not to refer to the conclusion when they write the introduction. What is an abstract? another name to refer to the introduction of your essay the summary of a book you generally find on the back cover a brief text used to summarize the contents of an academic text a non concrete sentence. The abstract include information about the aim, the method, the main findings and also the conclusions of your research bibliographic information about your paper the goal of your essay and the method you employ some clues about the aim and the method, but not about about the findings and the conclusions. which of these function is NOT related to the introduction of your essay? to introduce the writer to suggest how the paper is organized to give some ideas of the content and the stance of the writer to set the tone for the reader. In a paper, definitions are: provided in the initial part of the paper never stated because of plagiarism obsolete, because the reader is a specialist in the field redundant, it is better not to use them. which of these functions is NOT related to the conclusion of your essay? to pull together all the main ideas to refer back to what you outlined in the introduction sharing of your knowledge to show the extent to which you have been able to dealwith the issues involved. As for the general features of the Introducion of your essay, do you have to include them all No, infact we can also omit the whole introduction and start writing the body of our essay It is not mandatory to include all the features of the introduction Yes, otherwise the introduction will be considered poor by the reader Yes, provided that there is no over-lap among them. During an oral presentation, when you pass from a point to another it is better use linking words silence, so that the audience can get ready for the next argument repetitions a brief pause. Which of these option is correct? When presenting a power point: you should create NOT too dense slides you should avoid using emoji, meme, etc. you should choose a large font, so that the audience can read all the options are correct. Which of the following behaviours is NOT recommended during an oral presentation? speak clearly manage time make eye-contact: the audience will be scared of you Speak fast and loud. Morphemes are the smallest lexical constituents the sounds of spoken language the written medium of language the smallest grammatical constituents. Foregrounding is closely related to the Russian Formalist concept of defamiliarization structuralism post-structuralism stylistics. Stylistics is focused on fiction and non-fiction language media context. Jakobson's poetic function projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of combination, but not into the axis of selection the axis of selection into the axis of combination the axis of selection beyond the axis of combination the axis of combination into the axis of selection. How many basic elements do we distinguish in a clause structure? 2 4 5 3. What are the components Jakobson added to Buhler's model? code, contact and message (sarebbe context) context and addresee code and message contact and context. How many functions does Jakobson's model include? 6 5 4 2. Grammar is organized randomly hierarchically semantically according to the speaker's logics. the iambic foot has two syllables... both weakely stressed none of them stressed one less heavely stressed than the other both equally stressed. In metrics, the basic unit of analysis is the verse the foot the iambic the syllable. attenuated focalisation is referred to a censured text a situation where point of view is NOT limited a situation where point of view is limited the narrator tend to use a soft language. If the narrator is external, we will talk about first-person narrator third-person narrator heterodiegetic narrator homodiegetic narrator. deixis works primarily by presenting characters determining rhythm presenting time and space the plot is set situating the speaking voice in physical space. the deictic centre around which objects are positioned relative to their relative proximity or distance to the reflector is called orion origo diegesis deixis. Adjuncts express location and spatial relationship determine the point of view indicate the origo determine the language emploied by the narrator. The term plot is referred to language which is produced by a story-teller to the abstract storyline of a narrative the use of stylistic devices the use of flashback or flashforward. deictic elements are, for example, adverbs personal pronouns demonstratives the tenses of verbs. the physical channel of communication through which a story is narrated is the textual channel the text the stylistic medium the texual medium. We may encounter a kind of 'restricted omniscience' when the narrator uses a language that we don't understand a third-person narrator comes across as unable or reluctant to delve at will into the thoughts and feelings of characters a first-person narrator comes across as unable or reluctant to delve at will into the thoughts and feelings of characters the narrator expresses impoliteness. When was Deixis in Narrative. A Cognitive Science Perspective published? 1991 1993 1996 1995. Deictic center is also referred to none of the above social position phonological pattern point of view. Pushes and Pops were theorized by Galbraith Culpeper Jakobson Jakobson and Chomsky. Which of these is NOT an example of PUSH? flashback wake up from a dream story within a story they are all pushes. Which of these is NOT an example of POP? they are all pops flashback remarks by the narrator wake up from a dream. The Popping move is referred to when we pass from fist- to third-person narrator authors who let the reader know about their presence in the plot by explicit remarks the passage from reality from flashforward the passage from flashback to reality. The categories that express thought are 2 4 infinite 3. Dialogue in drama has been studied between 1960s and1970s 2000 and nowadays 1980s and 1990s 1970s and 1980s. The knowledge of what to say, and when and where to say is called communicative competence narrative competence deictic competence politeness. ICMs none of the above are universal changed from the 1980s on ICMs differ between subjects. ICMs are subject to modification in the course of an individual subject's experience and development do not depend on the subject's experiences do not face an evolution none of the above. ICMs allow us to take cognitive critics omissions short-cuts censures. A metaphore is a process of mapping between two different icons registers conceptual domains figures of speech. When the part stands for the whole, we call that particular figure of speech: synecdoche synonym metaphor metonymy. "Your eyes are like jewels": which figure of speech is this? metonymy iambic verse Simile Metaphor. Caricature is a form of metonymic distortion is a form of distorted irony is a form of simil distortion is a form of metaphoric distortion. "France made war with England": which figure of speech has been used in this sentence? none of the above Metaphor metonymy synecdoche. the domains that are related to the metaphor are called speaking and thinking domain target and text domain source and conceptual domain target and source domain. phonaesthetic fallacy happens because we don't consider the mimetic function of language we have to speak with toddlers. we exploit the imitative potential of language there is a certain risk in trying to connect up directly a particular feature of sound in a text with nonlinguistic phenomena outside the text. Puns are abbreviations for "punctuation" stylistic devices for creating humour some old figure of speeches that we no longer use stylistic devices for creating irony. Parody and satire are forms of verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of irony for the design of their stylistic incongruity verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of irony for the design of their stylistic congruity verbal irony which draw on a particular kind of humour for the design of their stylistic incongruity verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of comicity for the design of their stylistic incongruity. "finger" and "hand" are linked through antonymy sinonymity hyponymy meronymy. Cohesion in English was published in 1975 1976 1994 1973. Which of these is NOT a cohesive tie, according to Hasan and Halliday? substitution synopsis ellipsis conjunction. the ways grammatical words appear with particular lexical items to cover relationships between grammatical categories and particular lexical words collocation cohesion coherence colligation. The concept of 'lexical bundles' was developed by Biber Halliday and Biber Halliday Halliday and Hasan. What we hear, read or use are often fabricated multi-word phrases: this principle is called open choice principle lexical principle idiom principle lexical bundles principle. cognitive metaphor theory was developed by Johnson, Lakoff and Halliday Lakoff and Johnson Lakoff and Halliday Halliday and Biber. The transference always happens from the source to the target domain and it is always reversible rarely reversible often reversible non-reversible. Metaphors We Live By was published in 1976 1978 1980 1982. A conceptual domain is any collocative organization of experience none of the above any coherent organization of experience any colligative organization of experience. Mental spaces theory was originally formulated by Halliday and Hasan Biber Lakoff Fauconnier. Mental spaces theory is the basis for cognitive stylistics Blending theory cognitive metaphors impoliteness. Mental spaces theory was formulated in 1994 1988 1998 1985. Cours de linguistique générale was published in 1916 1996 1925 1926.
