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Action intended to benefit another.
Action intended solely to benefit another.
The suvival of one's genes in one's own offspring and in any relatives one helps.
A tribal ritual celebration in which the host gives away enormous quantities of goods to his guests, often going broke or into debt in the process.
The societal rule that people should help those who need them to help.
the tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present.
The tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members.
The mistaken impression on the part of group members that, because no one else is acting concerned, there is no cause for alarm.
The internalized beliefs and values that combine to form a person's inner standards for behavior.
The view that observers of a victim's suffering will want to help in order to relieve their own personal desires.
The idea that people use helping tactically to manage their moods.
People use helping to manage one particular mood - temporary sadness.
Because prosocial action can raise one's mood, temporarily saddened individuals will use it to feel better again.
Refers to a person who reacts with uncommon disdain or uncommon relish to an item, depending on it's quality.
A person of hearty appetite but indiscriminate taste, eager to partake robustly of whatever the environment provides.
the process of mentally putting oneself in another's position.
The presumption that when one empathizes with the plight of another, one will want to help that other for purely altruistic reasons.
compassionate feelings caused by taking the perspective of a needy other.
A generalized attitude toward members of a social group.
Generalized belief abotu members of social groups.
You can directly state this prejudice, and researchers measure it using surveys and questionnaires.
Can only be measured indirectly, often by assessing how long it takes to make certain judgements.
Technique researchers use to indirectly assess prejudice.
Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership.
Attempts by the perpetrator to exchange something of value for sexual favors.
Creating a professional setting that is sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile.
Discrimination that has been built into the legal, political, economic, and social institutions of a culture.
the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one's group.
to reduce in one's mind the relevance of a particular domain to one's self-esteem.
An experimental procedure in which short-term arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
The tendency to benefit members of one's own groups over members of other groups.
The proposal that intergroup conflict and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources.
The extent to which a person desires that his or her own group dominate other groups and be socially and mentally superior to them.
See religious worship as an opportunity to make friends, gain status, or find support during difficult times.
Religion is not a means to come other goal, but rather an end in itself.
Certainty in the absolute truth os one's religious beliefs.
Religion is a never-ending personal journey toward truth.
Measured with items that assessed, for instance, frequency of prayer.
The process of blaming members of other groups for one's frustrations and failures.
The beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see ourselves belonging.
Teh tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to denigrate those having less authority.
The process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or she possesses the characteristics generally held by members of that group.
The phenomenon of overestimating the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other.
If people only learned what members of other groups are truly like, they wouldn't stereotype, be prejudiced, or discriminate against them.
Minimally, groups are two or more individuals who influence each other. Collections of individuals become increasingly "grouplike," however, when their members are interfependent and share a common identity, and when they possess structure.
The process through which the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well-mastered tasks and worse performance on unmastered tasks.
When people believe that observers are explicitly assessing their performances, they become increasingly aroused, and this arousal further facilitates their dominant responses.
The process of losing one's sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's normal values.
A system (group) made up of many interacting elements (people) that changes and evolves over time.
Expectation held by the group for how memebers in particular positions ought to behave.
A ranking of group members by their power and influence over other members.
The pattern of information flow through a group.
The strength of the bonds among group members.
Reducing one's personal efforts when in a group.
A group memory system made up of (1) knowledge held by individual group emembers and (2) a communication netowrk for sharing this knowledge among the members.
Occurs when group discussion leads members to make decisions that are more extremely on the side of the issue that the group initially favored.
The group view becomes more extreme than it was prior to the discussion.
Groups tend to polarize during discussion.
Occurs when opinion minorities persuade others of their views.
A greater willingness to acquit defendants than to convict them .
a style of group decisioni making characterized by a greater desire among members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and positions.
When they have a strong desire to exercise power over others or when they have a strong urge to do great things.
the desire to do something exceptionally well for its own sake.
Leadership that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach it's goals better.
We are all encouraged to behave in ways that are congruent with culturally defined gender roles.
A situation in which an indicidual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative in which case the whole group loses.
A situation in which group members share e renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits if group memebers do not overharvest it, but in which any single individual profits from harvesting as much as possible.
A situation in which (1) the whole group can benefit if some of the individuals give something for the common good, but (2) individuals profit from "free riding" if enough other contribute.
A situation in which individuals or groups are drawn toward immediate rewards that are later proved to have unpleasant or lethal consequences.
A sitmulus that brings rewards when used in small doses, but punishments when used in large doses.
someone oriented toward bringing the group benefits, even if it means personal sacrifice.
Someone oriented toward working together to maximize the joint benefits to the self and the group.
Someone oriented toward maximizing personal gains, without regard to the rest of the group.
Someone oriented to come out relatively better than other players, regardless of whether personal winnings are high or low in an absolute sense.
A prescriptive legal regulation that uses police power to punish violators.
An offer of rewards to those who reduce their soically harmful behaviors.
An appeal to people's intrinsic sense of social responsibility.
Men in all human cultures have tended to gravitate to positions involving "ranking" and competition with outgroups.
The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force.
The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities.
A method in which two or more recurring events are examined for linkages over time.
Fear and distrust of foreigners.
Accomplice used a cooperative reward strategy on the first trial and responded with an attack if the real player did not cooperate.
Accomplice started out playing cooperatively and kept cooperating. If attacked by the opponent, he would get even more cooperative.
Accomplice started out playing cooperatively and kept cooperating. If attacked by the opponent, he would get even more cooperative.
The extent to which a person demonstrates simplified "black and white " categorical thinking, as opposed to acknowledgement of all sides of an issue.
a negotiating tactic in which the individual responds to competitiveness with competitiveness and to cooperation with cooperation.
a strategy for breaking conflict spirals by publicly challenging the opponent to match de-escalations.
Someone with whom we have an affectionate relationship.
an observational technique in which subjects fill out frequent descriptions of who they are with and what is going on.
the theory that we like people with whom we associated positive feelings and dislike those with whom we associate negative feelings.
A model that attempts to explain in a wide range of different behaviors according to a simple general rule.
The trading of benefits within relationships.
a state of affairs in which one person's behefits and costs from a relationship are proportional to the benefits and costs incurred by his or her partner.
a model that presumes that the governing principles vary from one domain of behavior to another.
emotional, material, or informational assisstance provided by other people.
the study of behavioral and psychological factors that affect illness.
the sharing of intimate information about oneself.
the motivation to compare our opinions, abilities, or reactions with others will increase when we are feeling uncertain about something important.
A form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need.
A form of exchange in which goods are divided accoring to a person's status in the group.
a form of exchange in which person gets the same as the others.
A form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in .
the tendency to become friends with those who live or work nearby.
the tendency to feel positively toward people, places, or things we have seen frequently.
assets that can be drawn from one's network of personal relationships.
factor on love scales composed of items tapping romantic attraction and secual desire.
Factor on love scales composed of items tapping feelings of close bonding with another.
Factor on love scales composed of items tapping decision that one is on love with and committed to another.
A statistical technique for sorting test items or behaviors into conceptually similar groupings.
a state of intense longing for union with another.
affection and tenderness felt for those whose lives are entwined with our own.
individual differences in the tendency to prefer either unrestricted sex (without the necessity of love) or restricted sex (only in the sontext of a long-term, loving relationship).
the theory that love consits of general arousal (factor 1), which is attributed to the presence of an attractive person and labeled as love factor 2).
the human need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships.
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