Content:
Who focus on the central importance of social norms, or rules about appropriate behavior?.
Definition: A rebirth of interest in the workings of the mind.
People tend to process social information in a way that tends to flatter themselves. True False.
Which are the goals of social behavior? To establish social ties To understand ourselves and others To gain and maintain status To defend ourselves and those we value To attract and retain mates To prevent unwanted attention To have positive memories of interactions with others.
Definition: The beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place.
Definition: features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations.
Definition: Environmental events or circumstances outside the person.
Situation and person mutually shape and choose one another in a continuing cycle. True False.
Definition: A researcher's prediction about what he or she will find.
Definition: Procedure for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state (including naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies, surveys, and psychological tests).
Definition: procedure for uncovering causal processes by systematically manipulating some aspect of a situation.
Definition: error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors he or she does not expect.
Definition: the extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases.
Definition: The tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable.
What are the two criteria a psychological test my meet before it is useful?.
Definition: the consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test.
Definition: the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.
Definition: the extent to which two or more vairables are associated with one another.
Definition: a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation equals causation True False.
Definition: the extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect.
Definition: a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable.
Definition: the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances.
Definition: cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave.
What are the four biases of research methods?.
Match the different characteristics of the correlational method to whether it is an advantage or disadvantage Important variables Natural settings Directionality Third variable Advantage Disadvantage.
Definition: subjects drop out of a multi-session study over time (and this decision to drop out is relevant to the study).
Why does self-report not always work? They're indirect They're inaccurate Social desirability Not everyone can do them Sometimes we're wrong.
Definition: the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it's put into motion.
Definition: The self-control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals.
Definition: a mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual.
Definition: a mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals.
Definition: the process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use.
Definition: favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event, or idea.
Definition: relatively intense feelings characterized by physiological arousal and complex cognitions.
Definition: relatively long-lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets.
What are the two things that creat the foundation for our experience and expression?.
What was the name of the experiment where frowning and smiling were simulated by holding a pen in different positions with the lips, which also questioned whether we're happy because we smile or if we smile because we're happy?.
Definition: the process of imagining alternative, "might have been" versions of actual events.
Definition: a mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves.
Definition: our attitude toward ourselves.
Definition: the process through which people come to know themselves by comparing their abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others.
Definition: the process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them.
Definition: the process through which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes.
Definition: the process through which people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals.
Definition: the process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us.
Definition: an opportunity or threat provided by a situation.
Definition: a norm that defines what is commonly done in a situation.
Definition: the phenomenon in which people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others because everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs.
Definition: a norm that describes what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation.
Definition: a situation in which certain events are expected to occur in a particular sequence.
Match the definition to the correct answer Tend to afford a narrower range of opportunities and threats for the people in them Tend to afford a relatively wide range of opportunities and threats Strong situations Weak situations.
Definition: the process whereby a culture teaches it's members about it's beliefs, customs, habits, and language.
What is the person by situation equation, or the interactionist perspective?.
What are the two types of processing?.
Definition: "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
How do we acquire info about the self? Self-reports Reflected Appraisal Process Social Comparison Self Perception Injunctive Norms.
Definition: the process of comparing ourselves with those who are less well off.
Definition: the process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off than ourselves.
What are the two effects of social comparison?.
Definition: judgement of self changes to become more similar to the target.
Definition: judgement of self changes to become more different from the target.
Definition: the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.
Definition: a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.
Definition: the process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others.
What are the four core processes of social cognition?.
Definition: When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true.
Definition: the judgement that a person's behavior has been cause by an aspect of that person's personality.
Definition: the tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences.
Definition: a mental shortcut used to make a judgment.
Definition: a mental shortcut people use to classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category.
Definition: A mental shortcut people use to estimate the likelihood of an event by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind.
Definition: the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us.
Definition: a mental shortcut through which people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point and then adjust this estimate to take into account unique characteristics of the present situation.
Definition: the tendency to take personal credit for our successes and to blame external factors for out failures.
Definition: theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior.
Defiinition: the theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether (1) the behavior was intended, (2) the behavior's consequences were foreseeable, (3) the behavior was freely chosen, and (4) the behavior occured despite countervailing forces.
Definition: the theory that proposes that people determine the cause of an actor's behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways (consensus), the actor behaves similarly in similar situations (distinctiveness), and the actor behaves similarly across time in the same situation (consistency).
Definition: the judgmental rule that states that as the number of possible causes for an event increases out confidence that any particular cause is the true one should decrease.
Definition: the judgmental rule that states occthat if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible causes that lead toward the event.
What are two personalities where the goal is to conserve mental effort?.
Definition: as our goals change, we adapt different styles of thought.
Definition: we are forever trying to conserve our cognitive energy.
What are the biases of the attribution process?.
Definition: attributing behaviors to a person's disposition and traits.
Definition: attributing behavior to the environment.
Definition: attributing behavior to the environment.
Definition: attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits.
Definition: the tendency to make dispositional attributions for the behavior of others but situational attributions for our own behavior.
Definition: mental templates used to organize our world.
What are the four kinds of schemas that we use to organize our world?.
What do schemas and exemplars do? Organize existing knowledge Direct attention Influence encoding of new information Provide clarity in ambiguous situations Speed up judgements Help us understand others better Direct access to relevant memory.
Definition: persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Definition: the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs.
Definition: a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Definition:he tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us.
Definition: tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.
Definition: theory that assumes that our behavior aims to create desired impressions.
Why do we self-present? Control Construct a self image Self-perception Facilitate smooth social interactions To get others to like us To gain power in relationships.
Definition: tendency to gear one's behavior to what is expected by others.
What are the six strategies of self presentation?.
Definition: an attempt to get others to like us.
Definition: an attempt to get others to see us as competent. The goal is to be respected more than liked.
Definition: the behavior of withdrawing effort or creating obstacles to one's future success.
Definition: goal is to be seen as morally worthy.
Definitioin: goal is to appear helpless.
What does BRIG stand for?.
What is the name of the theory that hypothesies that when your cognitive system is out of balance, you do what you can to relieve the uncomfortable tension that results?.
Definition: when one cognition is inconsistent with another cognition, the resulting discomfort motivates us to find a way to restore cognitive balance or consistency.
What do people do in the face of cognitive dissonance? Change attitudes so that these attitudes are now consistent with their behavior Change cognitions about their behavior Acquire new information Minimize the importance of the inconsistency Try to find the true meaning to their uncomfortable feeling.
Definition: the unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one's important attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
Definition: a behavior that is inconsistent with an existing attitude.
Definition: reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient".
Definition: the conflict one feels between the knowledge that one has made a decision and the possibility that the decision may be wrong.
Definition: a change fo an attitude or belief as a result of recieving a message.
Definition: being persuaded by the arguments of the message.
Definition: being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the strength of the arguments. These processes often rely on envirnomental characteristics of the message, like the percieved credibility of the source, quality of the way in which it is presented, the attractiveness of the source, or the catchy slogan that contains the message.
What are the four elements of persuasion?.
What are the four important problems of fear appeals? They must not induce too much fear They must increaswe the target's percieved vulnerability They must suggest a clear path to prevention They must suggest easy enactment of the prevention behavior They must be easy to understand They must have experts to testify to the fear appeal.
Definition: changing behaviors or opinions to match behaviors or opinions of others.
Definition: changing behaviors as a result of a direct request.
Definition: changing behaviors in response to a direct order from an authority.
Definition: conformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by other people.
Definition: conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance.
Definition: our evaluation of a given stimulus changes as a function of simultaneous or prior consideration of another stimulus.
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